Parkinson’s disease|Bioinformatics Institute in Noida

Parkinson’s disease is a neurological illness named after Dr. James Parkinson, a physician who was the first to describe in his essay “An essay on the Shaking palsy” 1817. Parkinson‘s disease is a disorder caused by the gradual loss of cells in a small part of the brain called the substantial nigra. The loss (death) of these cells produces a reduction in a vital chemical called “dopamine”, which causes symptoms that may include loss of facial expression, reduction in speech volume and clarity, change in size of handwriting, dry skin, constipation, urinary difficulties and depression. It is a progressive disorder; hence these symptoms worsen with time. Parkinson’s disease belongs to a group of conditions called movement disorders. It is characterized by muscle rigidity, tremor, a slowing of physical movement (Bradykinesia) and in extreme cases, a loss of physical movement (Akinesia). The primary symptoms are the results of decreased stimulation of the motor cortex by the basal ganglia, normally caused by the insufficient formation and action of dopamine, which is produced in the dopaminergic neurons of the brain. Secondary symptoms may include high level cognitive dysfunction and subtle language problem. Most people with Parkinson’s disease are described as having idiopathic Parkinson’s disease (having no specific cause). There are far less common causes of Parkinson’s disease including genetic, toxins, head trauma, cerebral anoxia, and drug- induced Parkinson’s disease. In recent year, a number of specific genetic mutations causing Parkinson’s disease have been discovered, including in certain population (Contursi, Italy). These account for a small minority of cases of Parkinson’s disease. Someone who has Parkinson’s disease is more likely to have relatives that also have Parkinson’s disease. However, this does not mean that the disorder has been passed on genetically. There is also recent evidence that a common gene defect contributes susceptibility to both Parkinson’ disease and Alzheimer’s disease.

Author Name Mr. Ranjan Kumar

HOD, Bioinformatics Institute of India

INDIAN PHARMACEUTICAL MARKET- REVIEW

Today I feel enthusiastic while writing this article as Pharmaceutical market is a big ocean; and I had tried my best to hold few drops on Indian economical face.

The Indian pharmaceutical market is highly competitive and remains dominated by low-priced, domestically-produced generics. Despite having the second largest population in the world and a growing middle class with high healthcare expectations, India accounts for less than 2% of the world pharmaceutical market in value terms. In one of the world's better performing economies, spending on pharmaceuticals accounts for less than 1% of GDP and average per capita spending remains one of the lowest levels in the region.

India’s biopharmaceutical sector is currently experiencing double digit growth and this is expected to continue, driven by the vaccines market. Growth drivers include education and increased awareness of disease prevention, increases in disposable income and government participation in immunization programmes. Continued growth is also expected in the diagnostic and therapeutic segments, including cancer and diabetes.

The Indian Pharma industry is responsible for around 10% of world pharmaceutical production. Over the last few years, a number of Indian pharmaceutical companies have been targeted for foreign acquisition. Concerns have been raised that this trend could adversely affect generic drug prices in India. The need to maintain low prices for essential medicines has been addressed in the government’s draft National Pharmaceutical Pricing Policy (NPPP), released in 2011. The proposed NPPP focuses on the National List of Essential Medicines (NLEM), which is periodically revised. The headline major change is a move from the principle of cost-based pricing to a market-based pricing model. The Department of Pharmaceuticals argues that market-based pricing would result in more transparent and fair pricing, as well as increasing competition in the marketplace. Price regulation will encompass all drugs listed in the NLEM, as well as formulations containing combinations of drugs listed in the NLEM; this will include combinations comprising listed drugs and unlisted drugs. If the NPPP is implemented, around 60% of the drugs currently available in India will come under price control.

Ritu Pal

BII